A Review of Recent Advancement in Biosensors Development and their Applications

Abstract

processes with biological recognition components to detect biomolecules, infections, and environmental pollutants with extreme sensitivity. Innovations in nanomaterials engineering, the integration of artificial intelligence, and downsizing technologies that enable wearable and point-of-care applications have driven recent advancements. This thorough analysis examines state-of-the-art developments in biorecognition techniques, nanomaterial-enhanced signal amplification, sensor transduction principles, and the integration of biosensing with artificial intelligence for real-time data analytics. We emphasize detection limitations spanning from atto-molar to picomolar concentrations by rigorously analyzing the performance metrics of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric biosensors across a variety of sample matrices. This study also includes substantial translation obstacles, such as biofouling, standardization difficulties, regulatory procedures, and commercial viability. Prospects for next-generation intelligent biosensing systems are explored along with new applications in environmental surveillance, food safety, customized medicine, and continuous health monitoring. This study offers researchers a thorough road map for developing biosensor technology from lab prototypes to clinical and commercial realities.